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Forty Shades of Blue: Quality-Diversity Alignment via Mode-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning
Jiayi Yuan*, Hangoo Kang*,James Jihao Liu*,Yejin Choi,Vikram Iyer,Liwei Jiang,Natasha Jaques
Preprint
We present MoDA (Mode-conditioned Diversity Alignment), an online post-training RL algorithm that jointly optimizes generation quality and diversity, inspired by the coordination perspective in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). MoDA trains a single shared LLM policy conditioned on abstract numbered roles, where each role acts as an agent competing to produce outputs distinct from the others. This formulation encourages mode-conditioned agents to explore complementary regions of the high-quality output space without requiring hand-crafted personas or architectural modifications.
Keywords: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Diversity, Alignment, Language Models
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Evaluating LLM Agents as Human Simulators in Climate Social Dilemmas
Kaiyuan Liu*, Xiaoxuan Hou*, Jiayi Yuan, Natasha Jaques
🏆 Oral at ICLR 2026 Workshop on Multi-Agent Learning and Its Opportunities in the Era of Generative AI (MALGAI)
We evaluate large language model (LLM) agents as behaviorally grounded simulators of companies and investors in a continuous-action climate-finance dilemma built on the InvestESG platform, and benchmark them against fully rational profit-driven reinforcement learning (RL) agents, a centralized social planner, and human participants in the same game.
Keywords: Computational Social Science, NLP for Social Good, Multi-Agent, MARL
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AgenticRed: Evolving Agentic Systems for Red-Teaming
Jiayi Yuan*, Jonathan Nöther, Natasha Jaques, Goran Radanović
Preprint
We introduce AgenticRed, an automated pipeline that leverages LLMs' in-context learning to iteratively design and refine red-teaming systems without human intervention. Rather than optimizing attacker policies within predefined structures, AgenticRed treats red-teaming as a system design problem, and it autonomously evolves automated red-teaming systems using evolutionary selection and generational knowledge. Red-teaming systems designed by AgenticRed consistently outperform state-of-the-art approaches, achieving 96% attack success rate (ASR) on Llama-2-7B, 98% on Llama-3-8B and 100% on Qwen3-8B on HarmBench. Our approach generates robust, query-agnostic red-teaming systems that transfer strongly to the latest proprietary models, achieving an impressive 100% ASR on GPT-5.1, DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek V3.2.
Keywords: Red-Teaming, AI Safety, Open-endedness, Evolutionary Algorithms
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Generating Piano Music with Transformers: A Comparative Study of Scale, Data and Metrics
Jonathan Lehmkuhl*, Ábel Ilyés-Kun*, Nico Bremes*, Cemhan Kaan Özaltan*, Frederik Muthers*, Jiayi Yuan
NeurIPS 2025 Workshop: AI4Music
Although a variety of transformers have been proposed for symbolic music generation in recent years, there is still little comprehensive study on how specific design choices affect the quality of the generated music. In this work, we systematically compare different datasets, model architectures, model sizes, and training strategies for the task of symbolic piano music generation. To support model development and evaluation, we examine a range of quantitative metrics and analyze how well they correlate with human judgment collected through listening studies. Our best-performing model, a 950M-parameter transformer trained on 80K MIDI files from diverse genres, produces outputs that are often rated as human-composed in a Turing-style listening survey.
Keywords: music information retrieval, music generation, transformer, symbolic music
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InvestESG: A multi-agent reinforcement learning benchmark for studying climate investment as a social dilemma
Xiaoxuan Hou*, Jiayi Yuan*, Joel Z Leibo, Natasha Jaques
ICLR 2025
NeurIPS 2024 Workshop on Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning
We introduced, InvestESG, a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) benchmark designed to study the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure mandates on corporate climate investments. The benchmark models an intertemporal social dilemma where companies balance short-term profit losses from climate mitigation efforts and long-term benefits from reducing climate risk, while ESG-conscious investors attempt to influence corporate behavior through their investment decisions.
Keywords: multi-agent reinforcement learning, climate change, ai for climate
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CASHER: Robot Learning with Super-Linear Scaling
Marcel Torne Villasevil*, Arhan Jain*, Jiayi Yuan*, Vidyaaranya Macha*, Lars Lien Ankile, Anthony Simeonov, Pulkit Agrawal, Abhishek Gupta
RSS 2025
RSS Data Generation for Robotics (DGR) Workshop 2024
We propose Crowdsourcing and Amortizing Human Effort for Real-to-Sim-to-Real (CASHER), a pipeline for scaling up data collection and learning generalist policies where human effort scales sublinearly with the number of environments where data is collected. The key idea is to crowdsource digital twins of real-world scenes using 3D reconstruction techniques and collect large-scale data in these simulation scenes, rather than in the real-world. Data collection in simulation is initially driven by reinforcement learning bootstrapped with human demonstrations.
Keywords: Data Scaling in Robotics; Reinforcement Learning; Grasping and Manipulation
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